POLISH
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Indo-European (Slavic)
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| Countries: | Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, parts of Latvia, bordering Kresy regions of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus
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| Number of speakers: | 45 million
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| Agreement features: | number, person
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| Attested word orders: | SV
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| Coordination types: | and, or
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Data Collection
The data were entered by a native speaker via an online survey.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | pl | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (1) | Chłopiec | i | mężczyzna | biegną. |
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| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boy and the man run.'
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| (2) | Chłopcy | i | mężczyzna | biegną. |
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| boy.pl | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys and the man run.'
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| (3) | Chłopiec | i | mężczyźni | biegną. |
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| boy.sg | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy and the men run.'
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| (4) | Chłopcy | i | mężczyźni | biegną. |
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| boy.pl | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| 'The boys and the men run.'
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Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural, unless both conjuncts are singular.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
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| sg | sg | pl
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| pl | pl | pl
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Examples:
| (6) | Chłopiec | lub/albo | mężczyzna | biegnie. |
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| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run.3sg |
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| `The boy or the man run.'
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| (7) | Chłopcy | lub/albo | meżczyzna | biegną. |
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| boy.pl | or | man.sg | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the man run.'
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| (8) | Chłopiec | lub/albo | mężczyźni | biegną. |
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| boy.sg | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boy or the men run.'
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| (9) | Chłopcy | lub/albo | mężczyźni | biegną. |
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| boy.pl | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
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| `The boys or the men run.'
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Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Person seems to follow a hierarchy. If there is a first person conjunct, the verb is marked for first person. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
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| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
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| 2 | 1pl | |
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| 3 | 1pl | |
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Examples:
| (10) | Ty | i | ja | biegniemy. |
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| you | and | I | run.1pl |
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| `You and I run.'
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| (11) | Ja | i | ty | biegniemy. |
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| I | and | you | run.1pl |
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| `I and you run.'
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| (12) | My | i | oni | biegniemy. |
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| we | and | they | run.1pl |
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| `We and they run.'
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| (13) | Oni | i | my | biegniemy. |
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| They | and | we | run.1pl |
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| `They and we run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Person seems to follow a hierarchy. (If there is a first person conjunct, the verb is marked for first person. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | |
|
| 3 | 1pl | |
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Examples:
| (14) | Ty | lub/albo | ja | biegniemy. |
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| you | or | I | run.1pl |
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| `You or I run.'
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| (15) | Ja | lub/albo | ty | biegniemy. |
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| I | or | you | run.1pl |
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| `I or you run.'
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| (16) | My | lub/albo | oni | biegniemy. | |
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| we | or | they | run.1pl |
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| `We or they run.'
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| (17) | Oni | lub/albo | my | biegniemy. |
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| they | or | we | run.1pl |
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| `They or we run.'
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