TURKISH
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Turkic
|
| Countries: | Turkey, Northern Cyprus, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
| Number of speakers: | 75.7 million
|
| Agreement features: | number, person
|
| Attested word orders: | SV, VS
|
| Coordination types: | and, or
|
|
Data Collection
The data were elicited with a native speaker from Turkey. The task was to translate English sentences keeping the word order as shown in the English sentences.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The plural marker -lar is only optionally used on the verb in Turkish. In this structure, the singular verb form (without the plural marker -lar) can be used in all combinations.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
| pl | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
Examples:
| (1) | Çocuk | ve | adam | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run-3/pl |
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (2) | Çocuk-lar | ve | adam | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy-pl | and | man.sg | run-3/pl |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (3) | Çocuk | ve | adam-lar | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man-pl | run-3/pl |
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: The plural marker -lar is only optionally used on the verb in Turkish. In this structure, the singular verb form (without the plural marker -lar) can be used in all combinations.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
| pl | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
Examples:
| (4) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/lar | çocuk | ve | adam.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy | and | man
|
| `The boy and the man run to the village.'
|
| (5) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/lar | çocuk-lar | ve | adam.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy-pl | and | man
|
| `The boys and the man run to the village.'
|
| (6) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/lar | çocuk | ve | adam-lar.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy | and | man-pl
|
| `The boy and the men run to the village.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: The plural marker -lar is only optionally used on the verb in Turkish. In this structure, the singular verb form (without the plural marker -lar) can be used in all combinations.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
| pl | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
Examples:
| (7) | Çocuk | veya | adam | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run-3/pl |
|
| 'The boy or the man run.'
|
| (8) | Çocuk-lar | veya | adam | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy-pl | or | man.sg | run-3/pl |
|
| 'The boys or the man run.'
|
| (9) | Çocuk | veya | adam-lar | koşuyor-∅/lar. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man-pl | run-3/pl |
|
| 'The boy or the men run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: The plural marker -lar is only optionally used on the verb in Turkish. In this structure, however, plural marking of the verb is out if the first conjunct is singular.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg | sg
|
| pl | sg/pl | sg/pl
|
Examples:
| (11) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/*lar | çocuk | veya | adam.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy | or | man
|
| `The boy or the man run to the village.'
|
| (12) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/lar | çocuk-lar | veya | adam.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy-pl | or | man
|
| `The boys or the man run to the village.'
|
| (13) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/*lar | çocuk | veya | adam-lar.
|
| to | village | run-3/pl | boy | or | man.pl
|
| `The boy or the men run to the village.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) If one of the conjuncts is 3rd person, closest conjunct agreement is possible.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl/?3
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl/?3
|
| 3 | 1pl/?3 | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (14) | Ben | veya | sen | koşuyor-uz. |
|
| I | and | you | run-1pl |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (15) | Sen | veya | ben | koşuyor-uz. |
|
| You | and | I | run-1pl |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (16) | Ben | ve | o | koşuyor-uz/?∅.
|
| I | and | he | run-1pl/3 |
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (17) | O | ve | ben | koşuyor-uz/?∅.
|
| He | and | I | run-1pl/3 |
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (18) | Sen | ve | o | koşuyor-sunuz/?∅.
|
| You | and | he | run-2pl/3 |
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (19) | O | ve | sen | koşuyor-sunuz.
|
| He | and | you | run-2pl |
|
| `He and you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) If one of the conjuncts is 3rd person, closest conjunct agreement is possible.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl/2sg
|
| 3 | 1pl/3 | 2pl/3 |
|
Examples:
| (20) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | ben | ve | sen
|
| to | village | run-1pl | I | and | you
|
| `I and you run to the village.'
|
| (21) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | sen | ve | ben
|
| to | village | run-1pl | you | and | I
|
| `You and I run to the village.'
|
| (22) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | ben | ve | o
|
| to | village | run-1pl | I | and | he
|
| `I and he run to the village.'
|
| (23) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/uz | o | ve | ben
|
| to | village | run-3/1pl | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run to the village.'
|
| (24) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-sun/sunuz | sen | ve | o
|
| to | village | run-2sg/2pl | you | and | he
|
| `You and he run to the village.'
|
| (25) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-∅/sununz | o | ve | sen
|
| to | village | run-3/2pl | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run to the village.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.) Alternatively, closest conjunct agreement is possible.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl/2sg | 1pl/3
|
| 2 | 1pl/1sg/2sg | | 2pl/3
|
| 3 | 1pl/1sg | 2pl/2sg |
|
Examples:
| (26) | Ben | veya | sen | koşuyor-uz/sun. |
|
| I | or | you | run-1pl/2sg |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (27) | Sen | veya | ben | koşuyor-uz/um/sun. |
|
| You | or | I | run-1pl/1sg/2sg |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (28) | Ben | veya | o | koşuyor-uz/∅.
|
| I | or | he | run-1pl/3 |
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (29) | O | veya | ben | koşuyor-uz/um.
|
| He | or | I | run-1pl/1sg |
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (30) | Sen | veya | o | koşuyor-sunuz/∅.
|
| You | or | he | run-2pl/3 |
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (31) | O | veya | sen | koşuyor-sunuz/sun.
|
| He | or | you | run-2pl/2sg |
|
| `He or you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. (Number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2pl |
|
Examples:
| (32) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | ben | veya | sen
|
| to | village | run-1pl | I | or | you
|
| `I or you run to the village.'
|
| (33) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | sen | veya | ben
|
| to | village | run-1pl | you | or | I
|
| `You or I run to the village.'
|
| (34) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | ben | veya | o
|
| to | village | run-1pl | I | or | he
|
| `I or he run to the village.'
|
| (35) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-uz | o | veya | ben
|
| to | village | run-1pl | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run to the village.'
|
| (36) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-sunuz | sen | veya | o
|
| to | village | run-2pl | you | or | he
|
| `You or he run to the village.'
|
| (37) | Köye | doğru | koşuyor-sununz | o | veya | sen
|
| to | village | run-2pl | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run to the village.'
|