SPANISH (VENEZUELAN)
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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Romance (Spanish)
|
| Countries: | Venezuela
|
| Number of speakers: | 30 million
|
| Agreement features: | number, person
|
| Attested word orders: | SV, VS (Note: VS order is linked to particular information-structural interpretations.)
|
| Coordination types: | and, or
|
|
Data collection
The data shown here were elicited with a native speaker who was born in Caracas and lived there until the age of 19. The speaker was asked to rate sentences on a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best possible score. In the examples, we translate the numeric judgments as follows: 1 = *, 2 = ??, 3 = ?, 4/5 = fully grammatical (Data by: Rossana Romero).
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: There is plural marking throughout.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl/??sg | pl
|
Examples:
| (1) | El | chico | y | el | hombre | corren.
|
| the | boy | and | the | man | run.pl
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (2) | *El | chico | y | el | hombre | corre.
|
| the | boy | and | the | man | run.sg
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (3) | El | chico | y | los | hombres | corren.
|
| the | boy | and | the.pl | men | run.pl
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (4) | *El | chico | y | los | hombres | corre.
|
| the | boy | and | the.pl | men | run.sg
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (5) | Los | chicos | y | el | hombre | corren.
|
| the.pl | boys | and | the | man | run.pl
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (6) | ??Los | chicos | y | el | hombre | corre.
|
| the.pl | boys | and | the | man | run.sg
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: VS order seems to favor closest/first conjunct agreement. But resolved agreement is also possible. As for two singular conjuncts, the informant notes that plural agreement is possible with an intonational break: ``Corren, el chico y el hombre.")
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg | sg/?pl
|
| pl | pl/??sg | pl
|
Examples:
| (7) | Corre | el | chico | y | el | hombre.
|
| run.sg | the | boy | and | the | man
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (8) | *Corren | el | chico | y | el | hombre.
|
| run.pl | the | boy | and | the | man
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (9) | Corre | el | chico | y | los | hombres.
|
| run.sg | the | boy | and | the.pl | men
|
| `The boy and the men run.`
|
| (10) | ?Corren | el | chico | y | los | hombres.
|
| run.pl | the | boy | and | the.pl | men
|
| `The boy and the men run.`
|
| (11) | Corren | los | chicos | y | el | hombre.
|
| run.pl | the.pl | boys | and | the | man
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (12) | ??Corre | los | chicos | y | el | hombre.
|
| run.sg | the.pl | boys | and | the | man
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: There is plural throughout.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl/??sg | pl/??sg
|
| pl | pl/??sg | pl
|
Examples:
| (13) | El | chico | o | el | hombre | corren.
|
| the | boy | or | the | man | run.pl
|
| `The boy or the man run'
|
| (14) | ??El | chico | o | el | hombre | corre.
|
| the | boy | or | the | man | run.sg
|
| `The boy or the man run'
|
| (15) | El | chico | o | los | hombres | corren.
|
| the | boy | or | the.pl | men | run.pl
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (16) | ??El | chico | o | los | hombres | corre.
|
| the | boy | or | the.pl | men | run.sg
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (17) | Los | chicos | o | el | hombre | corren.
|
| the.pl | boys | or | the | man | run.pl
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (18) | ??Los | chicos | o | el | hombre | corre.
|
| the.pl | boys | or | the | man | run.sg
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: With two singular disjuncts, plural marking or singular marking on the verb is fine. If the two disjuncts mismatch in number, closest/first disjunct agreement takes place.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg/pl | sg/??pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (19) | Corren | el | chico | o | el | hombre.
|
| run.pl | the | boy | and | the | man
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (20) | Corre | el | chico | o | el | hombre.
|
| run.sg | the | boy | and | the | man
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (21) | Corre | el | chico | o | los | hombres.
|
| run.sg | the | boy | or | the.pl | men
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (22) | ??Corren | el | chico | o | los | hombres.
|
| run.pl | the | boy | or | the.pl | men
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (23) | Corren | los | chicos | o | el | hombre.
|
| run.pl | the.pl | boys | or | the | man
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (24) | *Corre | los | chicos | o | el | hombre.
|
| run.sg | the.pl | boys | or | the | man
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved to 1st person when involving a 1st person conjunct and to 3rd person otherwise. (Number is resolved to plural.) Note that 2pl and 3pl are syncretic, written as ``2~3pl''.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2~3pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2~3pl |
|
Examples:
| (25) | *Yo | y | tú | corro.
|
| I | and | you | run.1sg
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (26) | *Yo | y | tú | corres.
|
| I | and | you | run.2sg
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (27) | Yo | y | tú | corremos.
|
| I | and | you | run.1pl
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (28) | *Yo | y | tú | corren.
|
| I | and | you | run.3pl
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (29) | *Tú | y | yo | corro.
|
| you | and | I | run.1sg
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (30) | *Tú | y | yo | corres.
|
| you | and | I | run.2sg
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (31) | Tú | y | yo | corremos.
|
| you | and | I | run.1pl
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (32) | *Tú | y | yo | corren.
|
| you | and | I | run.3pl
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (33) | *Yo | y | él | corro.
|
| I | and | he | run.1sg
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (34) | *Yo | y | él | corre.
|
| I | and | he | run.3sg
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (35) | Yo | y | él | corremos.
|
| I | and | he | run.1pl
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (36) | *Yo | y | él | corren.
|
| I | and | he | run.3pl
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (37) | *Él | y | yo | corro.
|
| he | and | I | run.1sg
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (38) | *Él | y | yo | corre.
|
| he | and | I | run.3sg
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (39) | Él | y | yo | corremos.
|
| he | and | I | run.1pl
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (40) | *Él | y | yo | corren.
|
| he | and | I | run.3pl
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (41) | *Tú | y | él | corres.
|
| you | and | he | run.2sg
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (42) | *Tú | y | él | corre.
|
| you | and | he | run.3sg
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (43) | Tú | y | él | corren.
|
| you | and | he | run.3pl
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (44) | *Él | y | tú | corres.
|
| he | and | you | run.2sg
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (45) | *Él | y | tú | corre.
|
| he | and | you | run.3sg
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (46) | Él | y | tú | corren.
|
| he | and | you | run.3pl
|
| `He and you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: All cases either allow closest/first conjunct agreement or resolved agreement following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. In the former case, number is resolved to singular, in the latter to plural. As before the syncretic form for 2nd and 3rd plural is written as ``2~3pl''.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1sg/1pl | 1sg/1pl/2~3pl
|
| 2 | 2sg/1pl/2~3pl | | 2sg/2~3pl
|
| 3 | 3sg/1pl/2~3pl | 3sg/2~3pl |
|
Examples:
| (47) | Corro | yo | y | tú.
|
| run.1sg | I | and | you
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (48) | *Corres | yo | y | tú.
|
| run.2sg | I | and | you
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (49) | Corremos | yo | y | tú.
|
| run.1pl | I | and | you
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (50) | *Corren | yo | y | tú.
|
| run.3pl | I | and | you
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (51) | *Corro | tú | y | yo.
|
| run.1sg | you | and | I
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (52) | Corres | tú | y | yo.
|
| run.2sg | you | and | I
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (53) | Corremos | tú | y | yo.
|
| run1pl | you | and | I
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (54) | Corren | tú | y | yo.
|
| run.3pl | you | and | I
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (55) | Corro | yo | y | él.
|
| run.1sg | I | and | he
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (56) | *Corre | yo | y | él.
|
| run.3sg | I | and | he
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (57) | Corremos | yo | y | él.
|
| run.1pl | I | and | he
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (58) | Corren | yo | y | él.
|
| run.3pl | I | and | he
|
| `I and he run.'
|
| (59) | *Corro | él | y | yo.
|
| run.1sg | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (60) | Corre | él | y | yo.
|
| run.3sg | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (61) | Corremos | él | y | yo.
|
| run.1pl | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (62) | Corren | él | y | yo.
|
| run.3pl | he | and | I
|
| `He and I run.'
|
| (63) | Corres | tú | y | él.
|
| run.2sg | you | and | he
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (64) | *Corre | tú | y | él.
|
| run.3sg | you | and | he
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (65) | Corren | tú | y | él.
|
| run.3pl | you | and | he
|
| `You and he run.'
|
| (66) | *Corres | él | y | tú.
|
| run.2sg | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (67) | Corre | él | y | tú.
|
| run.3sg | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
| (68) | Corren | él | y | tú.
|
| run.3pl | he | and | you
|
| `He and you run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: Mismatching person is resolved to 1st person when involving a 1st person disjunct and to 3rd person otherwise. (Number is resolved to plural.) As before, ``2~3pl'' means that the 2nd and 3rd plural form are syncretic.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | | 2~3pl
|
| 3 | 1pl | 2~3pl |
|
Examples:
| (69) | *Yo | o | tú | corro.
|
| I | or | you | run.1sg
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (70) | *Yo | o | tú | corres.
|
| I | or | you | run.2sg
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (71) | Yo | o | tú | corremos.
|
| I | or | you | run.1pl
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (72) | *Yo | o | tú | corren.
|
| I | or | you | run.3pl
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (73) | *Tú | o | yo | corro.
|
| you | or | I | run.1sg
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (74) | *Tú | o | yo | corres.
|
| you | or | I | run.2sg
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (75) | Tú | o | yo | corremos.
|
| you | or | I | run.1pl
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (76) | *Tú | o | yo | corren.
|
| you | or | I | run.3pl
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (77) | *Yo | o | él | corro.
|
| I | or | he | run.1sg
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (78) | *Yo | o | él | corre.
|
| I | or | he | run.3sg
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (79) | Yo | o | él | corremos.
|
| I | or | he | run.1pl
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (80) | *Yo | o | él | corren.
|
| I | or | he | run.3pl
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (81) | *Él | o | yo | corro.
|
| he | or | I | run.1sg
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (82) | *Él | o | yo | corre.
|
| he | or | I | run.3sg
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (83) | Él | o | yo | corremos.
|
| he | or | I | run.1pl
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (84) | *Él | o | yo | corren.
|
| he | or | I | run.3pl
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (85) | *Tú | o | él | corres.
|
| you | or | he | run.2sg
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (86) | *Tú | o | él | corre.
|
| you | or | he | run.3sg
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (87) | Tú | o | él | corren.
|
| you | or | he | run.3pl
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (88) | *Él | o | tú | corres.
|
| he | or | you | run.2sg
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (89) | *Él | o | tú | corre.
|
| he | or | you | run.3sg
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (90) | Él | o | tú | corren.
|
| he | or | you | run.3pl
|
| `He or you run.'
|
VS order
Pattern: All cases either allow closest/first conjunct agreement or resolved agreement following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. In the former case, number is resolved to singular, in the latter to plural. As before the syncretic form for 2nd and 3rd plural is written as ``2~3pl''.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1sg/1pl | 1sg/1pl
|
| 2 | 2sg/1pl/2~3pl | | 2sg/2~3pl
|
| 3 | 3sg/1pl | 3sg/2~3pl |
|
Examples:
| (91) | Corro | yo | o | tú.
|
| run.1sg | I | or | you
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (92) | *Corres | yo | o | tú.
|
| run.2sg | I | or | you
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (93) | Corremos | yo | o | tú.
|
| run.1pl | I | or | you
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (94) | *Corren | yo | o | tú.
|
| run.3pl | I | or | you
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (95) | *Corro | tú | o | yo.
|
| run.1sg | you | or | I
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (96) | Corres | tú | o | yo.
|
| run.2sg | you | or | I
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (97) | Corremos | tú | o | yo.
|
| run1pl | you | or | I
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (98) | Corren | tú | o | yo.
|
| run.3pl | you | or | I
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (99) | Corro | yo | o | él.
|
| run.1sg | I | or | he
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (100) | *Corre | yo | o | él.
|
| run.3sg | I | or | he
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (101) | Corremos | yo | o | él.
|
| run.1pl | I | or | he
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (102) | *Corren | yo | o | él.
|
| run.3pl | I | or | he
|
| `I or he run.'
|
| (103) | *Corro | él | o | yo.
|
| run.1sg | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (104) | Corre | él | o | yo.
|
| run.3sg | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (105) | Corremos | él | o | yo.
|
| run.1pl | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (106) | *Corren | él | o | yo.
|
| run.3sg | he | or | I
|
| `He or I run.'
|
| (107) | Corres | tú | o | él.
|
| run.2sg | you | or | he
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (108) | *Corre | tú | o | él.
|
| run.3sg | you | or | he
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (109) | Corren | tú | o | él.
|
| run.3pl | you | or | he
|
| `You or he run.'
|
| (110) | *Corres | él | o | tú.
|
| run.2sg | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (111) | Corre | él | o | tú.
|
| run.3sg | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|
| (112) | Corren | él | o | tú.
|
| run.3pl | he | or | you
|
| `He or you run.'
|