A GENERAL THEORY OF MULTIVALUATION A GENERAL THEORY OF MULTIVALUATION

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BULGARIAN

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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)

Overview

Language family:Indo-European (Slavic)
Countries:Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania
Number of speakers:9 million
Agreement features:number, person
Attested word orders:SV, VS
Coordination types:and, or

Data collection

The data are from a judgment elicitation with a native speaker from ... . The speaker was asked to rate sentences on a scale from 1 to 5, 5 being the best possible score. In the examples, we translate the numeric judgments as follows: 1 = *, 2 = ??, 3 = ?, 4/5 = fully grammatical. (Data by: Nelly Kerezova, Dimitar Kerezov)

Patterns for number

Coordination with ``and''

SV order

Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgplpl
plplpl

Examples:

(1)     Momchetoimazhattichat.
boy.sgandman.sgrun.3pl
`The boy and the man run.'
(2)     *Momchetoimazhatticha.
boy.sgandman.sgrun.3sg
`The boy and the man run.'
(3)     Momchetoimazhetetichat.
boy.sgandman.plrun.3pl
`The boy and the men run.'
(4)     *Momchetoimazheteticha.
boy.sgandman.plrun.3sg
`The boy and the men run.'
(5)     Momchetataimazhattichat.
boy.plandman.sgrun.3pl
`The boys and the man run.'
(6)     *Momchetataimazhatticha.
boy.plandman.sgrun.3sg
`The boys and the man run.'

Comment: Alternatively, Bulgarian has a comitative structure of the form C1 V and C2 in which case the verb obligatorily agrees with C1.

(7)     Momchetotichaimazhatsushto.
boy.sgrun.sgandman.sgtoo
`The boy runs, and the man does, too.'
(8)     Momchetatatichatimazhatsushto.
boy.plrun.plandman.sgtoo
`The boys are running, and the man is, too.'
(9)     Momchetotichaimazhetesushto.
boy.sgrun.sgandman.pltoo
`The boy runs, and the men do, too.'

VS order

Pattern: In all combinations, number is resolved to plural. Under this word order, the sentence can only be understood as a question.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgpl?pl
plplpl

Examples:

(11)     Tichatmomchetoimazhat?
run.3plboy.sgandman.sg
`Do the boy and the man run?'
(12)     *Tichamomchetoimazhat?
run.3sgboy.sgandman.sg
`Do the boy and the man run?'
(13)     ?Tichatmomchetoimazhete?
run.3plboy.sgandman.pl
`Do the boy and the men run?'
(14)     *Tichamomchetoimazhete?
run.3sgboy.sgandman.pl
`Do the boy and the men run?'
(15)     Tichatmomchetataimazhat?
run.3plboy.plandman.sg
`Do the boys and the man run?'
(16)     *Tichamomchetataimazhat?
run.3sgboy.plandman.sg
`Do the boys and the man run?'

Coordination with ``or''

SV order

Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the second conjunct is plural, the verb is plural. The order pl-or-sg is ineffable:

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgsgpl
plineff?pl

Examples:

(17)     *Momchetoilimazhattichat.
boy.sgorman.sgrun.pl
`The boy or the man run.'
(18)     Momchetoilimazhatticha.
boy.sgorman.sgrun.sg
`The boy or the man runs.'
(19)     *Momchetatailimazhattichat.
boy.plorman.sgrun.pl
`The boys or the man run.'
(20)     *Momchetatailimazhatticha.
boy.plorman.sgrun.sg
`The boys or the man runs.'
(21)     ?Momchetoilimazhetetichat.
boy.sgorman.plrun.3pl
`The boy or the men run.'
(22)     *Momchetoilimazheteticha.
boy.sgorman.plrub.3sg
`The boy or the men run.'

Comment: It's prefered that the verb appears in between both conjuncts (C1 V or C2). Then, the verb matches the number of the preverbal conjunct (the one that is closer to the verb).

(23)     Momchetotichailimazhat.
boy.sgrun.3sgorman.sg
`The boy or the man run.'
(24)     Momchetatatichatilimazhat.
boy.plrun.3plorman.sg
`The boys or the man run.'
(25)     Momchetotichailimazhete.
boy.sgrun.3sgorman.pl
`The boy or the men run.'

Comment: In the following combinations, the comitative structure C1 V or C2 is the only possible option.

(26)     Momchetatatichatilimazhat.
boy.plrun.3plorman.sg
`The boys or the man run.'
(27)     Momchetatatichatilimazhete.
boy.plrun.3plorman.pl
`The boys or the men run.'

VS order

Pattern: A disjunction C1 or C2 under VS order is only possible if the sentence is understood as a question. Then, there is closest conjunct agreement.

1st | 2ndsgpl
sgsgsg
plplpl

Examples:

(28)     *Tichatmomchetoilimazhat?
run.3plboy.sgorman.sg
`The boy or the man run.'
(29)     Tichamomchetoilimazhat?
run.3sgboy.sgorman.sg
`Does the boy or the man run?'
(30)     *Tichatmomchetoilimazhete?
run.3plboy.sgorman.pl
`The boy or the men run.'
(31)     Tichamomchetoilimazhete?
run.3sgboy.sgorman.pl
`Does the boy or the men run.?'
(32)     Tichatmomchetatailimazhat?
run.3plboy.plorman.sg
`The boys or the men run.'
(33)     *Tichamomchetatailimazhat?
run.3sgboy.plorman.sg
`Do the boys or the man run?'

Patterns for person

Coordination with ``and''

SV order (singular)

Pattern: The verb can appear in between both conjuncts (C1 V and C2) or after both conjuncts (C1 and C2 V). When both conjuncts are preverbal, person follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. If the second conjunct is postverbal, there is agreement with the preverbal conjunct (the one that is closer to the verb).

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
21pl2pl
31pl2pl

Examples:

(34)     *Azititicham.
Iandyourun.1sg
`I and you are running.'
(35)     *Azititichash.
Iandyourun.2sg
`You and I are running.'
(36)     Azititichame.
Iandyourun.1pl
`I and you are running.'
(37)     *Azititichat.
Iandyourun.3pl
`I and you run.'
(38)     *Tiiazticham.
youandIrun.1sg
`You and I run.'
(39)     *Tiiaztichash.
youandIrun.2sg
`You and I run.'
(40)     Tiiaztichame.
youandIrun.1pl
`You and I run.'
(41)     *Tiiaztichat.
youandIrun.3pl
`You and I run.'
(42)     *Azitoiticham.
Iandherun.1sg
`I and he run.'
(43)     *Azitoiticha.
Iandherun.3sg
`I and he run.'
(44)     Azitoitichame.
Iandherun.1pl
`I and he run.'
(45)     *Azitoitichat.
Iandherun.3pl
`I and he run.'
(46)     *Toiiazticham.
heandIrun.1sg
`He and I run.'
(47)     *Toiiazticha.
heandIrun.3sg
`He and I run.'
(48)     Toiiaztichame.
heandIrun.1pl
`He and I run.'
(49)     *Toiiaztichat.
heandIrun.3pl
`He and I run.'
(50)     *Tiitoitichash.
youandherun.2sg
`You and he run.'
(51)     *Tiitoiticha.
youandherun.3sg
`You and he run.'
(52)     Tiitoitichate.
youandherun.2pl
`You and he run.'
(53)     *Tiitoitichat.
youandherun.3pl
`You and he run.'
(54)     *Toiititichash.
heandyourun.2sg
`He and you run.'
(55)     *Toiititicha.
heandyourun.3sg
`He and you run.'
(56)     Toiititichate.
heandyourun.2pl
`He and you run.'
(57)     *Toiititichat.
heandyourun3.pl
`He and you run.'

SV order (plural)

Pattern: The verb can appear in between both conjuncts (C1 V and C2) or after both conjuncts (C1 and C2 V). When both conjuncts are preverbal, person follows the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3. If the second conjunct is postverbal, there is agreement with the preverbal conjunct (the one that is closer to the verb).

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
21pl2pl
31pl2pl

Examples:

(58)     Nieivietichame.
weandyouplrun.1pl
'We and you run.'
(59)     *Vieinietichame.
youandweplrun.1pl
Intended: 'You and we run.'
(60)     Vieitetichate.
youplandtheyrun.2pl
'You and they run.'
(61)     *Teivietichate.
theyandyouplrun.2pl
Intended: 'You and they run.'
(62)     Inietichameite.
andwerun.1plandthey
`We and they run.'
(63)     Itetichatinie.
andtheyrun.3plandwe
'They and we run.'
(64)     Nietichameitesushto
werun.1plandtheytoo
'We run and they did, too.'

VS order

Pattern: Under VS order, only resolved agreement (following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3) is possible. The word order is only possible if the sentence is understood as a question.

1st | 2nd123
11pl1pl
2?1pl2pl
3?1pl?2pl

Examples:

(65)     *Tichamaziti?
run.1sgIandyou
`Do I and you run?'
(66)     *Tichashaziti?
run.2sgIandyou
`Do I and you run?'
(67)     Tichameaziti?
run.1plIandyou
`Do I and you run?'
(68)     *Tichataziti?
run.3plIandyou
`Do I and you run?'
(69)     *Tichamtiiaz?
run.1sgyouandI
`Do you and I run?'
(70)     *Tichashtiiaz?
run.2sgyouandI
`Do you and I run?'
(71)     ?Tichametiiaz?
run.1plyouandI
`Do you and I run?'
(72)     *Tichattiiaz?
run.3plyouandI
`Do you and I run?'
(73)     *Tichamazitoi?
run.1sgIandhe
`Do I and he run?'
(74)     *Tichaazitoi?
run.3sgIandhe
`Do I and he run?'
(75)     Tichameazitoi?
run.1plIandhe
`Do I and he run?'
(76)     *Tichatazitoi?
run.3plIandhe
`Do I and he run?'
(77)     *Tichamtoiiaz?
run.1sgheandI
`Does he and I run?'
(78)     *Tichatoiiaz?
run.3sgheandI
`Does he and I run?'
(79)     ?Tichametoiiaz?
run.1plheandI
`Does he and I run?'
(80)     *Tichattoiiaz?
run.3plheandI
`Does he and I run?'
(81)     *Tichashtiitoi?
run.2sgyouandhe
`Do you and he run?'
(82)     *Tichatiitoi?
run.3sgyouandhe
`Do you and he run?'
(83)     Tichatetiitoi?
run.2plyouandhe
`Do you and he run?'
(84)     *Tichattiitoi?
run.3plyouandhe
`Do you and he run?'
(85)     *Tichashtoiiti?
run.2sgheandyou
`Do he and you run?'
(86)     *Tichatoiiti?
run.3sgheandyou
`Do he and you run?'
(87)     ?Tichatetoiiti?
run.2plheandyou
`Do he and you run?'
(88)     *Tichattoiiti?
run.3plheandyou
`Do he and you run?'

Coordination with ``or''

SV order (singular)

Pattern: Overall, this word order is marked. The comitative structre C1 V or C2 is preferred by speakers. The pattern shows resolved agreement following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3.

1st | 2nd123
1?1pl?1pl
2?1pl?2pl
3?1pl?2pl

Examples:

(89)     *Azilititicham.
Ioryourun.1sg
`I or you run.'
(90)     *Azilititichash.
Ioryourun.2sg
`I or you run.'
(91)     ??/?Azilititichame.
Ioryourun.1pl
`I or you run.'
(92)     *Azilititichat.
Ioryourun.3pl
`I or you run.'
(93)     *Tiiliazticham.
youorIrun.1sg
`You or I run.'
(94)     *Tiiliaztichash.
youorIrun.2sg
`You or I run.'
(95)     ?Tiiliaztichame.
youorIrun.1pl
`You or I run.'
(96)     *Tiiliaztichat.
youorIrun.3pl
`You or I run.'
(97)     *Azilitoiticham.
Iorherun.1sg
`I or he run.'
(98)     *Azilitoiticha.
Iorherun.3sg
`I or he run.'
(99)     ?Azilitoitichame.
Iorherun.1pl
`I or he run.'
(100)     *Azilitoitichat.
Iorherun.3pl
`I or he run.'
(101)     *Toiiliazticham.
heorIrun.1sg
`He or I run.'
(102)     *Toiiliazticha.
heorIrun.3sg
`He or I run.'
(103)     ?Toiiliaztichame.
heorIrun.1pl
`He or I run.'
(104)     *Toiiliaztichat.
heorIrun.3pl
`He or I run.'
(105)     *Tiilitoitichash.
youorherun.2sg
`You or he run.'
(106)     *Tiilitoiticha.
youorherun.3sg
`You or he run.'
(107)     ?Tiilitoitichate.
youorherun.2pl
`You or he run.'
(108)     *Tiilitoitichat.
youorherun.3pl
`You or he run.'
(109)     *Toiilititichash.
heoryourun.2sg
`He or you run.'
(110)     *Toiilititicha.
heoryourun.3sg
`He or you run.'
(111)     ?Toiilititichate.
heoryourun.2pl
`He or you run.'
(112)     *Toiilititichat.
heoryourun.3pl
`He or you run.'

Comment: The verb can also appear in between both conjuncts (C1 V or C2). Then, the verb agrees with the preverbal conjunct (the one that is closer to the verb).

Examples:

(113)     Titichashiliaz.
yourun.2sgorI
`You or I run.'
(114)     Aztichamiliti.
Irun.1sgoryou
`I or you run.'

SV order (plural)

Pattern: Overall, this word order is marked. The comitative structre C1 V or C2 is preferred by speakers. The pattern shows in some cases resolved agreement following the hierarchy 1 > 2 > 3, but in other cases closest conjunct agreement.

1st | 2nd123
11pl
21pl3pl
3?2pl

Examples:

(115)     Nieiliwietichame/*tichate.\\
weoryou.plrun.1pl/run.2pl
`We or you(pl) run.'
(116)     Nieiliwietichame/*tichate.\\
weoryou.plrun.1pl/run.2pl
`We or you(pl) run.'
(117)     ?Wieilinietichame/*tichate.
you.plorwerun.1pl/run.2pl
Intended: `You(pl) or we run.'
(118)     Wieilitetichat/*tichate.
you.plortheyrun.3pl/run.2pl
`You(pl) or they run.
(119)     Teiliwie?tichate/*tichat.
theyoryou.plrun.2pl/run.3pl
Intended: `They or you(pl) run.'

VS order

Pattern: As before, this word order is only possible if the sentence is understood as a question. Then, you get closest conjunct agreement.

1st | 2nd123
11sg1sg
22sg2sg
33sg3sg

Examples:

(120)     Tichamaziliti?
run.1sgIoryou
`I or you run.'
(121)     *Tichashaziliti?
run.2sgIoryou
`I or you run.'
(122)     *Tichameaziliti?
run.1plIoryou
`I or you run.'
(123)     *Tichataziliti?
run.3plIoryou
`I or you run.'
(124)     *Tichamtiiliaz?
run.1sgyouorI
`You or I run.'
(125)     Tichashtiiliaz?
run.2sgyouorI
`You or I run.'
(126)     *Tichametiiliaz?
run.1plyouorI
`You or I run.'
(127)     *Tichattiiliaz?
run.3plyouorI
`You or I run.'
(128)     Tichamazilitoi?
run.1sgIorhe
`I or he run.'
(129)     *Tichaazilitoi?
run.3sgIorhe
`I or he run.'
(130)     *Tichameazilitoi?
run.1plIorhe
`I or he run.'
(131)     *Tichatazilitoi?
run.3plIorhe
`I or he run.'
(132)     *Tichamtoiiliaz?
run.1sgheorI
`He or I run.'
(133)     Tichatoiiliaz?
run.3sgheorI
`He or I run.'
(134)     *Tichametoiiliaz?
run.1plheorI
`He or I run.'
(135)     *Tichattoiiliaz?
run.3plheorI
`He or I run.'
(136)     Tichashtiilitoi?
run.2sgyouorhe
`You or he run.'
(137)     *Tichatiilitoi?
run.3sgyouorhe
`You or he run.'
(138)     *Tichatetiilitoi?
run.2plyouorhe
`You or he run.'
(139)     *Tichattiilitoi?
run.3plyouorhe
`You or he run.'
(140)     *Tichashtoiiliti?
run.2sgheoryou
`He or you run.'
(141)     Tichatoiiliti?
run.3sgheoryou
`He or you run.'
(142)     *Tichatetoiiliti?
run.2plheoryou
`He or you run.'
(143)     *Tichattoiiliti?
run.3plheoryou
`He or you run.'