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Himmelreich, Anke, Melissa Jeckel, Katharina Hartmann, Johannes Mursell (2021): Agreement with Coordinated Subjects in the World's Languages [Data set]. Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main (Link: https://www.multivaluation.de/database.php)
Overview
| Language family: | Uralic (Finnic
|
| Countries: | Estonia
|
| Number of speakers: | 1.1 million
|
| Agreement features: | number, person
|
| Attested word orders: | SV
|
| Coordination types: | and, or
|
|
Data Collection
The data were entered by a native speaker via an online survey.
Patterns for number
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: The number on the verb is plural in all cases.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | pl | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (1) | Poiss | ja | mees | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy and the man run.'
|
| (2) | Poisid | ja | mees | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.pl | and | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the man run.'
|
| (3) | Poiss | ja | mehed | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.sg | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy and the men run.'
|
| (4) | Poisid | ja | mehed | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.pl | and | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys and the men run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: With two singular conjuncts, the verb is singular. If the two conjuncts mismatch in number, number is resolved to plural.
| 1st | 2nd | sg | pl
|
| sg | sg | pl
|
| pl | pl | pl
|
Examples:
| (5) | Poiss | või | mees | jookseb. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.sg | run.3sg |
|
| `The boy or the man run.'
|
| (6) | Poisid | või | mees | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.pl | or | man.sg | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys or the man run.'
|
| (7) | Poiss | või | mehed | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.sg | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boy or the men run.'
|
| (8) | Poisid | või | mehed | jooksevad. |
|
| boy.pl | or | man.pl | run.3pl |
|
| `The boys or the men run.'
|
Patterns for person
Coordination with ``and''
SV order
Pattern: In all cases person is resolved to first person. (Note: number is resolved to plural.)
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1pl | 1pl
|
| 2 | 1pl | |
|
| 3 | 1pl | |
|
Examples:
| (9) | Sina | ja | mina | jookseme. |
|
| you | and | I | run.1pl |
|
| `You and I run.'
|
| (10) | Mina | ja | sina | jookseme. |
|
| I | and | you | run.1pl |
|
| `I and you run.'
|
| (11) | Nemad | ja | meie | jookseme. |
|
| they | and | we | run.1pl |
|
| `They and we run.'
|
Coordination with ``or''
SV order
Pattern: In all cases, every conjunct has its own verb form, thus individual conjunct agreement takes place.
| 1st | 2nd | 1 | 2 | 3
|
| 1 | | 1/2sg | 1/3sg
|
| 2 | 1/2sg | |
|
| 3 | 1/3pl | |
|
Examples:
| (12) | Sina | jooksed | või | jooksen | mina. |
|
| you | run.2sg | or | run.1sg | I |
|
| `You or I run.'
|
| (13) | Mina | jooksen | või | jooksed | sina. |
|
| I | run.1sg | or | run.2sg | you |
|
| `I or you run.'
|
| (14) | Meie | jookseme | või | jooksevad | nemad. |
|
| we | run.1pl | or | run.3pl | they |
|
| `We or they run.'
|
| (15) | Nemad | jooksevad | või | jookseme | meie. |
|
| they | run.3pl | or | run.1pl | we |
|
| `They or we run.'
|